🛡️ Rathore Dynasty of Marwar 🛡️

👑 Maharaja Jaswant Singh I (1638-1678 AD)

🌟 Coronation and Beginning of Reign:

• 📅 May 25, 1638 AD: Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan declared Jaswant Singh as the ruler of Marwar by presenting him with a khilat, jadaau majdhar, and a ceremonial tika.
• 🏹 He was awarded a mansab of 4000 Zat and 4000 Sawar.
• 🏰 The coronation took place in Agra.
• 👑 April 30, 1640 AD: Jaswant Singh assumed the throne of Jodhpur.

🌟 Titles and Recognition:

• 🏆 1655 AD: Shah Jahan conferred the title of ‘Maharaja’ upon Jaswant Singh.

⚔️ Significant Battles and Events:

• 🗡️ Battle of Dharmat (April 15, 1658 AD):
  
  
  
  • 🏞️ Location: Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh.
  • 👑 Jaswant Singh supported Dara Shikoh.
  • 🛡️ Aurangzeb emerged victorious in the battle, but Jaswant Singh was honored.
  
  
  
  
• ⚔️ Battle of Khajwa (January 5, 1659 AD):
  
  
  
  • 🏹 Jaswant Singh plundered the royal Mughal camp.
  • 🌟 Aurangzeb emerged victorious in this battle.
  
  
  
  
• ⚔️ Battle of Deorai (March 14, 1659 AD):
  
  
  
  • 🏔️ Location: Near Ajmer.
  • 🔥 A battle between Aurangzeb and Dara Shikoh, where Aurangzeb emerged victorious.
  • 🤝 The efforts of Jai Singh I of Amber helped reduce tensions between Jaswant Singh and Aurangzeb.
  
  
  
  
• Subedar of Gujarat:
  
  
  
  • 📅 1659 AD: Maharaja Jaswant Singh was appointed as the Subedar of Gujarat.
  
  
  
  
• 🛡️ Appointment Against the Marathas:
  
  
  
  • 🌟 1662 AD: Jaswant Singh was appointed to assist Shaista Khan against the Marathas.
  
  
  
  
• 🛡️ Kandahar Campaign (1673 AD):
  
  
  
  • 🏞️ Jaswant Singh was appointed for the Kandahar campaign.
  
  
  
  

⚰️ Death and Aurangzeb’s Statement:

📅 November 28, 1678: Jaswant Singh passed away at a place called Jamrud in Afghanistan.

• 🔥 Upon his death, Aurangzeb said:
  
  
  
  • “Today, the door of Kufr (heretical belief) has been broken.”
  
  
  
  

📚 Writing and Contributions:

• 📖 Jaswant Singh wrote books such as ‘Siddhant Bodh,’ ‘Anand Bilas,’ and ‘Bhasha Bhushan.’

🚩 Important Facts:

• 🏰 1679 AD: After the death of Jaswant Singh, Aurangzeb declared the Marwar state as Khalsa.
• 👑 Aurangzeb appointed Indras Singh as the ruler of Marwar.
• 🦁 From the royal family of Marwar, Amar Singh Rathore was famous in the 17th century as a courtier in Shah Jahan’s court.

🦁 Ajit Singh (1678-1724 AD) & Durgadas Rathore:

Family and Childhood

• 🏹 Ajit Singh was the son of Jaswant Singh I.
• 🎭 In 1679, Goradhay disguised himself as a maidservant to protect Ajit Singh.
• 🛡️ Ajit Singh was entrusted to Mukunddas Kheeche, a Kalbeliya, who smuggled him out of Delhi and hid him at the Kalindri Temple in the Sirohi state.
• 🏡 Ajit Singh was raised in the home of a Brahmin named Jaydev.
• 🤝 Maharana Raj Singh Sisodia of Mewar helped him.

Political and Social Events

• 📜 Historian Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha referred to Ajit Singh as ‘hard of hearing.’
• 💍 Ajit Singh married his daughter Indra Kumari to Farrukh Siyar.

Son and Controversy

• 🏹 Ajit Singh had two sons: Abhay Singh (elder) and Bakht Singh (younger).
• ⚔️ The younger son, Bakht Singh, killed Ajit Singh while he was asleep, which led to Bakht Singh being called ‘the second parricide of Marwar.’

Literature and Architecture

• 📚 Ajit Singh authored several works:
• 🛡️ Ajitcharitra, Gunasagar, Nirvan Doha, Durgapath Bhasha, Gaj Uddhar.
• 🏰 Contributions to Architecture:
• 🏞️ Jaswant Singh Ra Thada (Mandore).
• ⚔️ Fateh Mahal (Jodhpur).
• 🏯 Ghanshyamji Temple (Jodhpur).

Important Wars and Events

• ⚔️ January 25, 1680:
  
  
  
  • 🌺 Aurangzeb defeated the joint forces of Mewar and Marwar at Debari (Udaipur).
  
  
  
  

🛡️ Leadership of Durga Das Rathore

• 🏆 Durga Das Rathore is referred to as ‘Chanakya of Marwar,’ ‘An Bindiya Moti,’ and ‘Ulysses of Rathores.’
• 👑 In 1707 AD, under the leadership of Durga Das Rathore, a prolonged struggle against the Mughals took place to crown Ajit Singh as the king.
• 🏰 In 1707 AD, Ajit Singh took control of Jodhpur.
• 🌟 After becoming king, Ajit Singh expelled Durga Das Rathore from the state.
• 🏔️ After his expulsion from Marwar, Durga Das was granted the jagir of Vijaypur by the Mewar ruler Amar Singh II and was later appointed as the governor of Rampura.

🌟 Title:

• 🛕 They are known as the ‘Monk King.’
• 🙏 Their royal guru was Ayas Devnath of the Gorakhnath tradition.

📚 Literature and Architecture:

• 🏰 They built the Mahamandir in Jodhpur, the main seat of the Nath tradition.
• 📖 They established the ‘Pustak Prakash’ library in the Jodhpur Fort.
• ✍️ Their court poet was Bankidas.

⚔️ Battle of Geengoli (1807):

🗡️ This battle was fought between Maharaja Man Singh of Jodhpur and Maharaja Jagat Singh II of Jaipur over Krishna Kumari.

• 🗺️ Location: Geengoli (Parbatsar, Didwana-Kuchaman).
• 🏆 Outcome: Victory of Maharaja Jagat Singh II of Jaipur.

🤝 Treaty:

• 📅 January 6, 1818: They signed a treaty with the East India Company.

🌸 Renunciation:

• 🕊️ After the treaty, Maharaja Man Singh renounced worldly life.

🛕 Maharaja Takht Singh (1843-73 AD)

🌟 Ascension to the Throne:

• 👑 As Maharaja Man Singh had no heirs, Takht Singh was adopted with the permission of the British government.
• 🎉 In December 1843, Takht Singh was coronated in Jodhpur.
• 🤝 On this occasion, the Political Agent, Lord Ludlow, was also present.

The suppression of the revolt of the Naths.

• As soon as Takhtsingh ascended the throne, he pacified the revolt of the Naths.

Role in the Revolt of 1857.

• 🤝 Takhtsingh helped the British.
• 🛡️ When the rebel soldiers from Erinpura cantonment reached Awa, Takhtsingh sent his army from Bithoda.
• ⚔️ 8th September, 1857: In the Battle of Bithoda, commanders Onadis Singh and Rajmal were killed.

Social Reforms

• ✋ Takhtsingh issued strict orders to stop the practice of child marriage in the Rajput community.
• 🪨 These orders were engraved on stones and displayed at all the forts of Marwar.

🧂 Salt Treaty (1870):

• 🤝 The British made a salt treaty with the Jodhpur state.
• 🏞️ Under this, Jodhpur leased the salt production centers of Nawa and Nokk to the British

🌍 Maharaja Jaswant Singh II (1873-95 AD)

• 🌟 Support towards the British:
• 🤝 Maharaja Jaswant Singh II was a complete supporter of the British.
• 🎉 1875 AD: He participated in the Calcutta Durbar.
• 🏰 1877 AD: He attended the Delhi Durbar.
• 🧂 1879 AD: He signed another salt agreement with the British.
• 🌟 1887 AD: He sent his Prime Minister, Sir Pratap Singh, to London to attend Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee celebrations (50 years).

📊 Administrative Reforms and Social Work:

• 🧾 1881 AD: The first census of the Jodhpur state was conducted.
• 🏛️ 1884 AD: The municipality was established in Jodhpur.
• 🌸 1885 AD: A ban was imposed on child marriage in the state.

📜 Contribution of the Arya Samaj and Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati:

• ✨ 1883 AD: Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati visited Jodhpur at the invitation of Prime Minister Sir Pratap Singh.
• 📖 The establishment of Arya Samaj took place during the reign of Maharaja Jaswant Singh II.
• ⚡ Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati reprimanded the Maharaja for his indulgence and the incident involving the carrying of Nanhi Jan’s palanquin.
• 🐍 The Maharaja’s lover, Nanhi Jan, became enraged and, in collusion with Gaud Mishra (the Maharaja’s cook), poisoned Swamiji’s milk.
• 🏛️ Swamiji traveled to Ajmer and passed away on 30th October, 1883 AD.

🏇 Maharaja Sardar Singh (1895-1911 AD)

• 🌍 Polo and Achievements:
  
  
  
  • 🏇 Jodhpur was referred to as the home of polo during his reign.
  • 🏆 Sardar Singh won the Polo Challenge Cup in Pune.
  
  
  
  
• ⚔️ Role in the Boxer Rebellion in China:
  
  
  
  • 🛡️ 1899-1901 AD: The Marwari army was sent to assist the British.
  • 🏅 As a result of this service, the honor of writing “China 1900” on the Marwar flag was awarded.
  
  
  
  
• 📜 Reforms and Institutions:
  
  
  
  • 🛠️ The practice of taking a quarter share of stolen goods was abolished.
  • 🎗️ 1910 AD: The Edward Relief Fund was established.
  • 📖 The establishment of the Intellectual Research Center (for the development of Dingle literature).
  
  
  
  

🏞️ Maharaja Sumer Singh (1911-18 AD)

• Royal Ceremonies and Durbar:
  
  
  
  • 👑 1911 AD: Participated in the coronation ceremony of George V in London.
  • 🏛️ 1911 AD: Also attended the Delhi Durbar.
  
  
  
  
• ⚔️ Role in World War I:
  
  
  
  • 🛡️ Assisted the British by going to the battlefield with Sir Pratap Singh and the Jodhpur Lancers.
  • 🐪 During his reign, the Sumer Camel Corps was established.
  
  
  
  

🏰 Maharaja Ummed Singh (1918-47 AD)

• 🌍 Administrative and Social Contributions:
  
  
  
  • 🏛️ 8th February, 1921 AD: Became a member of the Narendra Mandal formed in Delhi.
  • 🏰 18th November, 1929 AD: Laid the foundation of Umaid Bhawan Palace on Chheetar Hill.
  • 📝 Appointed Jayanarayan Vyas as the representative of Marwar in the Constituent Assembly.
  • ⚰️ 9th June, 1947 AD: Passed away in Mount Abu.
  
  
  
  

✍️ Maharaja Hanuwant Singh (1947-49 AD)

• 🌍 Independence and Merger of Jodhpur:
  
  
  
  • 🛡️ Maharaja Hanwant Singh was the ruler of Jodhpur at the time of India’s independence.
  • ✍️ He is known as the last ruler of the Rathore dynasty.
  • 🤝 He attempted to merge Jodhpur with Pakistan, in collaboration with Mohammad Ali Jinnah.
  • 🏛️ In 1949 AD, through the efforts of Sardar Patel and Lord Mountbatten, Jodhpur was merged into the larger state of Rajasthan.
  
  
  
  

Important Wars and Events:

Pahoba Battle (Saheba Battle)

Giri Sumel Battle

• Date: 5th January, 1544 AD
  Location: Jaitaran, Beawar (Pali)
  Rivals: Rao Maldev vs. Sher Shah Suri
• Background:
  Sher Shah Suri attempted to gain control over the vast region of Marwar. The bravery of Rao Maldev’s forces made Sher Shah uneasy.
• Incident:
  Sher Shah allied with feudal lord Veeramdev and Rao Kalyanmal of Bikaner. He planned to win the battle using deception.
• Outcome:
  Sher Shah Suri barely managed to secure victory.
• Quote: “For a handful of millet, I would have lost the throne of Hindustan.”

The battle of Dharmat

• Date: 15 April, 1658 CE
• Location: Dharmat, Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh)
• Opponents: Maharaja Jaswant Singh vs Aurangzeb and Murad Bakhsh
• Background:
  
  
  
  • During the struggle for succession to Shah Jahan, Dara Shikoh sought support from Jaswant Singh.
  
  
  
  
• Event:
  
  
  
  • Jaswant Singh, with his army, supported Dara Shikoh.
  • Aurangzeb and Murad Bakhsh attacked with a combined army.
  
  
  
  
• Outcome:
  
  
  
  • Aurangzeb emerged victorious, but Jaswant Singh’s bravery remained commendable.
  
  
  
  

The Battle of Khajua.

• Date: 5 January, 1659 CE
• Location: Khajua, Uttar Pradesh
• Opponents: Maharaja Jaswant Singh vs Aurangzeb
  
  
  
  • Background:
  • The struggle between Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb was ongoing.
  
  
  
  
• Event:
  
  
  
  • Jaswant Singh attacked Aurangzeb’s camp and looted the royal camp.
  
  
  
  
• Outcome:
  
  
  
  • Aurangzeb emerged victorious in the battle.
  
  
  
  

The Battle of Daurai.

• Date: 14 March, 1659 CE
• Location: Daurai, near Ajmer
• Opponents: Dara Shikoh vs Aurangzeb
• Background:
  
  
  
  • This was a decisive battle for the succession of Shah Jahan.
  
  
  
  
• Event:
  
  
  
  • A direct conflict took place between Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb.
  • Jaswant Singh maintained neutrality in this battle.
  
  
  
  
• Outcome:
  
  
  
  • Aurangzeb defeated Dara Shikoh.
  
  
  
  

The Battle of Gingoli (1807)

• Date: 1807 CE
• Location: Gingoli (Parbatsar, Didwana-Kuchaman)
• Key Figures: Maharaja Man Singh vs Maharaja Jagat Singh II of Jaipur
• Cause: Dispute over the marriage of Krishna Kumari
• Outcome: Victory for Maharaja Jagat Singh II of Jaipur
• Significance: This battle highlighted the internal conflicts among the Rajput states.

The relationship of Marwar with the Mughal rulers.

Marriage and Political Alliances 🤝💍

• Rao Udaysingh (1583-95):
  The first ruler of Marwar to accept Mughal sovereignty.
  His daughter, Manbai, married Salim (Jahangir), from whom Shah Jahan was born.
• Rana Jaswantsingh (1638-78):
  Shah Jahan bestowed upon him the title of “Maharaja.”
  He supported Dara Shikoh, leading to a conflict with Aurangzeb.

War and Conflict ⚔️🔥

• Rao Chandrasen (1562-81):
  Refused to accept Akbar’s sovereignty and fought throughout his life.
  In 1572, Akbar handed over the administration of Jodhpur to Rai Singh of Bikaner.
• Battle of Dharmat (1658):
  Maharaja Jaswantsingh supported Dara Shikoh, but Aurangzeb emerged victorious.
• Battle of Khajua (1659):
  Jaswantsingh attacked the royal camp but was defeated by Aurangzeb.

Administrative Relations 🛡️📜

• Subedar of Gujarat (1659):
  Jaswantsingh was appointed as the Subedar of Gujarat by the Mughals.
• Kandahar Campaign (1673):
  Jaswantsingh led the Mughal army in the campaign for Kandahar.

Cultural and Social Impact 🌟📖

• The alliance with the Mughals elevated Marwar in cultural and architectural fields.
• The development of literature and arts was inspired by Mughal culture.

Ajit Singh and Rebellion against the Mughals 🦁🔥

• Rana Ajitsingh (1678-1724):
  
  
  
  • After a long struggle with Aurangzeb, he liberated Marwar.
  • His daughter married the Mughal Emperor Farrukh siyar, but he maintained a firm stance against the Mughals.
  
  
  
  

🏯 Major Constructions and Architecture

Mehrangarh Fort and Other Forts

Mehrangarh Fort:

• Location: Jodhpur
• Construction: Built by Rao Jodha in 1459 AD on the Chidiya Tunk hill.
• Feature: One of the largest and strongest forts in Rajasthan.
• Other Forts:
• Sivana Fort: Capital during times of crisis.
• Mandore Fort: Ancient capital.

Sojat Fort, Pokaran Fort, and Malkot Fort

• Sojat Fort (Pali):
  
  
  
  • Construction: Built by Rao Maldev.
  • Feature: Strategically important.
  
  
  
  
• Pokaran Fort (Jaisalmer):
  
  
  
  • Construction: Built to protect trade routes.
  • Feature: Beautiful architecture and strong defensive walls.
  
  
  
  
• Malkot Fort (Merta, Nagaur):
  
  
  
  • Construction: Built by Rao Maldev.
  • Feature: Center for the activities of the dynastic branch.
  
  
  
  

Umaid Bhawan Palace

• Location: Jodhpur
• Construction: The foundation was laid by Maharaja Umaid Singh in 1929 on Chhitar Hill.
• Feature:
  
  
  
  • An excellent example of modern architecture.
  • Currently, a part of the palace is used as a hotel and museum.
  • The only royal palace built under the famine relief scheme.